San Diego California, Amerika Syarikat

San Diego, pelabuhan dan kota, tempat duduk (1850) daerah San Diego, California selatan, AS Ia terletak di sepanjang Lautan Pasifik di Teluk San Diego, di sebelah utara sempadan antarabangsa dengan Mexico dan kira-kira 120 batu (195 km) tenggara Los Angeles. Bandar ini terdiri daripada dua bahagian dengan ukuran yang tidak sama: bahagian yang jauh lebih besar meluas ke utara dan timur Teluk San Diego, dan yang lebih kecil membentang ke arah tenggara dari teluk ke sempadan Mexico. Tapak bandar dicirikan oleh pelbagai topografi mesas, ngarai, dan lembah yang luas. Lanskap menjadi lebih berbukit di utara (terutama di bahagian La Jolla) dan ke arah timur menuju garis pergunungan di sepanjang tepi kawasan binaan utama. Wilayah ini mempunyai iklim yang cerah dan cerah sepanjang tahun; sedikit hujan yang diterima terutama berlaku pada musim sejuk.

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Teluk San Diego yang hampir terkurung daratan, salah satu pelabuhan laut dalam semulajadi terbaik di dunia, meliputi 22 batu persegi (57 km persegi). Ia dilindungi oleh dua semenanjung yang tumpang tindih — Point Loma ke utara dan barat dan Silver Strand di selatan dan barat — dan dihubungkan ke Pasifik di barat laut melalui saluran sempit di antara mereka. Teluk ini menjadi tumpuan perkapalan antarabangsa dan salah satu kompleks pangkalan tentera yang paling luas di negara ini.

San Diego, bandar kedua terbesar di negeri ini, berada di tengah-tengah kawasan metropolitan yang merangkumi seluruh daerah San Diego. Komuniti sekitarnya merangkumi Escondido (utara), La Mesa dan El Cajon (timur), Bandar Nasional dan Chula Vista (antara bahagian utara dan selatan kota), Pantai Imperial (barat daya), dan Coronado (barat; di hujung utara Helai Perak). Lebih dari selusin tempahan India tersebar di seluruh daerah, dan Tijuana, Mexico, terletak di sebelah selatan sempadan. Inc. 1850. Luas, 372 batu persegi (963 km persegi). Pop. (2000) 1,223,400; Kawasan Metro San Diego – Carlsbad – San Marcos, 2,813,833; (2010) 1,307,402; Kawasan Metro San Diego – Carlsbad – San Marcos, 3,095,313.

Sejarah

Diegueño, Luiseño, Cahuilla, and Cupeño peoples were among the inhabitants of the region when Europeans arrived in the 16th century. Sighted in 1542 and named San Miguel by Spanish explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, the area was renamed for the Spanish monk San Diego de Alcalá de Henares in 1602 by Sebastián Vizcaíno. Gaspar de Portolá founded a presidio (military post) there on July 16, 1769, and, on the same day, Father Junípero Serra dedicated the first of the California missions (restored 1931). Settlement was confined inside the presidio walls until the 1820s, when residents began to build the area known as Old Town. Control of the mission was assumed by Mexico in 1834, and the site was redesignated a pueblo (town). After the United States acquired California in 1846, the community was incorporated (1850), but it lost its charter two years later. The new city of San Diego was laid out 3 miles (5 km) south of Old Town by businessman Alonzo E. Horton in 1867, and its growth was ensured by the promotion of its salubrious climate and the arrival of the Santa Fe Railway in 1885.

Growth was rapid after 1900, the population jumping from fewer than 20,000 that year to more than 200,000 by 1940. The city’s traditional economic base of agriculture (citrus) and fishing was expanded to include manufacturing (notably aircraft) and, after the opening of the Panama Canal in 1914, shipping. The Panama-California Exposition (1915–16) celebrated the enormous economic boon the new waterway gave the city.

Also of great importance was the increasing military presence, especially of the U.S. Navy. Major installations established there included Naval Base Point Loma (1898; originally a U.S. Army fort), the Marine Corps Recruit Depot (1911), Marine Corps Air Station Miramar (originally the Army’s Camp Kearney) and Naval Air Station North Island (both 1917), Naval Base San Diego (1919), and Naval Amphibious Base Coronado (1943); in addition, Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton (1942) was set up a short distance northwest, near Oceanside.

World War II ushered in even more rapid growth, which only increased after the war. San Diego’s land area and population each nearly quadrupled between 1950 and 2000. Industry expanded to include electronics, aerospace technology, and shipbuilding. In addition, the area’s equable climate, which had been a significant factor in attracting manufacturing and the military, drew growing numbers of retirees and tourists.