Institusi budaya muzium

Muzium dan identiti negara

Menjelang awal abad ke-19, pemberian akses orang ramai ke koleksi peribadi sebelumnya telah menjadi hal yang biasa. Apa yang diikuti selama sekitar 100 tahun ke depan adalah pendirian, oleh pihak berkuasa daerah dan nasional di seluruh dunia, muzium-muzium yang ditujukan untuk kebaikan umum.

Eropah Tengah

Menyumbang kepada penubuhan muzium pada awal abad ke-19 adalah kesedaran nasional yang berkembang, terutama di kalangan masyarakat Eropah tengah. Pada tahun 1807 Majlis Nasional Hungary mendirikan muzium nasional di Pest dari koleksi yang diberikan kepada negara lima tahun sebelumnya oleh Count Ferenc Széchenyi. Di Prague, koleksi sejarah semula jadi dari jumlah Sternberg dan keluarga bangsawan lain dibentuk menjadi muzium dan dibuka pada tahun 1823 dengan tujuan untuk mempromosikan identiti nasional. Muzium Moravian di Brno dibuka pada tahun 1817, dan yang lain diikuti di Zagreb dan Ljubljana pada tahun 1821. Di pusat Empayar Austro-Hungaria, di Vienna, koleksi kekaisaran bertindak sebagai muzium nasional; muzium serantau dibentuk di Graz, Innsbruck, dan Salzburg dalam tempoh 1811–34.Di Nürnberg, Germanisches Nationalmuseum diarahkan oleh penyokong Jerman yang bersatu, Hans von Aufsess, dan pada pertengahan abad, kebanyakan negara Jerman mempunyai muzium. Lebih jauh ke utara, di Poland, sebuah muzium nasional, walaupun dibentuk pada tahun 1775, tidak didirikan hingga tahun 1862, tetapi Puteri Izabella Czartoryska mengekalkan sebuah muzium di taman istana di Puławy, dekat Warsaw, selama lapan tahun pada awal abad ke-19, dan dua koleksi peribadi dibuka untuk umum pada masa yang sama di Wilanów dan Warsaw.selama lapan tahun pada awal abad ke-19, dan dua koleksi peribadi dibuka untuk umum pada waktu yang sama di Wilanów dan Warsaw.selama lapan tahun pada awal abad ke-19, dan dua koleksi peribadi dibuka untuk umum pada waktu yang sama di Wilanów dan Warsaw.

Museums of antiquities

Increasing interest in antiquities led to the excavation of local archaeological sites and had an impact on museum development. In the years 1806–26, in Russian lands to the north of the Black Sea, four archaeological museums were opened, at Feodosiya, Kerch, Nikolayev, and Odessa (all now located in Ukraine). The Museum of Northern Antiquities was opened in Copenhagen in 1819 (it was there that its first director, Christian Jürgensen Thomsen, developed the three-part system of classifying prehistory into the Stone, Bronze, and Iron ages). This museum was merged with three others (of ethnography, antiquities, and numismatics) in 1892 to form the National Museum of Denmark. In France the Museum of National Antiquities opened at Saint-Germain-en-Laye late in the 18th century. It still acts as a national archaeological repository, as does the State Historical Museum in Stockholm, which houses material recovered as early as the 17th century. The national archaeological museum in Greece was started at Aeginia in 1829. Certain European countries, however—the United Kingdom and Germany, for example—do not have well-developed national collections of antiquities, and as a result regional museums in those countries are the richer.

Influence of industry and science

In Britain, social reforms to overcome problems resulting from industrialization contributed to the development of municipal museums. The support of museums by local authorities was seen as a means of providing both instruction and entertainment to the increasingly urbanized population and became the subject of special legislation in 1845. Museums were also viewed as a vehicle for promoting industrial design and scientific and technical achievement. Such promotion was the motivation behind the precursor of the Victoria and Albert Museum (for decorative arts) and the Science Museum, both in South Kensington, London; the founding collections were acquired from the Great Exhibition of 1851—the first of the world’s fairs. International exhibitions have contributed significantly to the formation of a number of museums since then, including the Technical Museum of Industry and Trade in Vienna and the Palace of Discovery in Paris.

Amerika Syarikat

Institusi Smithsonian di Washington, DC, muncul melalui warisan luar biasa hampir setengah juta dolar dari James Smithson, seorang Inggeris. Dia ingin melihat ditubuhkan di Amerika Syarikat sebuah institusi "untuk peningkatan dan penyebaran pengetahuan di kalangan lelaki." Pada tahun 1846 Kongres AS menerima warisannya dan meluluskan undang-undang yang menetapkan Smithsonian sebagai institusi yang ditugaskan untuk mewakili "semua objek seni dan

penyelidikan ingin tahu

sejarah semula jadi, tumbuhan, dan spesimen geologi dan mineralogi ”milik Amerika Syarikat. Muzium Nasional AS dibuka pada tahun 1858 sebagai sebahagian daripada program ilmiah Smithsonian dan membentuk yang pertama dari banyak muziumnya, yang kebanyakannya berdiri di sepanjang Mall di Washington, DC

The first of the historic house museums to be developed by a local society (a type characteristic of the United States) was Hasbrouck House at Newburgh, New York, which had served as the final headquarters of George Washington during the American Revolution. The purchase of the house by the state of New York in 1850 established another precedent, whereby public authorities provide and maintain museum buildings while a body of trustees assumes responsibility for the collections and staff. Two other well-known museums, both in New York City, provide examples of this system: the American Museum of Natural History, founded in 1869, and the Metropolitan Museum of Art, opened in 1870.

Other national and regional museums

The middle of the 19th century saw the establishment of a number of other well-known museums. In Canada the collection of the National Museum commenced in 1843 in Montreal as part of the Geological Survey, while the precursor of the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto, the Ontario Provincial Museum, was founded in 1855. In Australia the National Museum of Victoria was established at Melbourne in 1854; it was followed by the National Gallery of Victoria in 1861 and the Science Museum of Victoria in 1870. In Cairo the Egyptian Museum was established in 1858. These all followed the European model, and even in South America art collections tended to be predominately of European origin, to the neglect of indigenous works of art.